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Examples
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Dipterocarps are a major component of the forest structure and form emergent tree canopies with such species as Dipterocarpus alatus, D. costatus, Hopea odorata, Shorea guiso, S. hypochra, and Anisoptera costata.
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The upper canopy is dominated by a species of Hopea, Castanopsis hystrix, and Madhuca pasquieri.
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Of the dipterocarps, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, and Shorea are the emergents, and Hopea and Vatica usually are found in the main canopy.
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Here the composition of the forest growing on the sandstone and shale hills is quite different from the forest growing on the limestone hills, although both share the dominant tree species Eberhardtia aurata, Hopea chinensis and Saraca chinensis.
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Many of the Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea and Vatica species of Sumatra are critically endangered or endangered.
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Dominant tree species reach heights of 40-60 m, including Dipterocarpus griffithii, D. turbinatus, Sideroxylon longipetiolatum, Hopea odorata, Endospermum malaccense, and Planchonia andamanica.
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Of the dipterocarp genera, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, and Shorea are the emergents, and Hopea and Vatica usually are found in the main canopy.
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The presence of fossils of species such as Anisopteris, Cynometra, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Gluta, Hopea, and Mesua suggests that evergreen moist forests covered this area during the Miocene.
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Represented dipterocarp genera include Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, and Shorea.
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The lowland hill forests are dominated by Hopea celtidifolia and Vatica russak, whereas the lower montane elements include Podocarpus and Lithocarpus.
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