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Examples
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While rabbis may have encoded the tenets of Reform Judaism in documents like the Pittsburgh Platform (1885), clubwomen implemented the new emphasis on meaningful ceremonial and social reform.
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Jewish clubwomen emerged in America between 1880 and 1920 as part of a comprehensive social transition.
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By 1920, the Council of Jewish Women represented the epitome of what Jewish clubwomen had hoped to achieve.
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Nevertheless, they differed from Protestant clubwomen in being culturally akin to the clients toward whom their efforts were directed.
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The political context within which clubwomen organized shaped the gender roles they redefined and the programs they offered to their new clients.
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To meet these challenges, clubwomen refined their tradition of charitable obligation first into volunteer aid to Jewish strangers and then into formally organized and professionally administered social settlement work.
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In addition, while rabbis may have shared pulpits with liberal Protestant ministers, Jewish clubwomen worked with Protestant social reformers like Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, and Margaret Sanger to demonstrate that the new “mission of Israel” was to make the needs of children and women part of the new Progressive political agenda.
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To appreciate the rapid and complex shift in gender roles forged by clubwomen, it is first helpful to examine the ethnic setting from which clubwomen emerged.
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While sharing many class interests with Protestant clubwomen, they remained institutionally separate and socially absorbed in the Jewish community.
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The activities of clubwomen were responses to the social pressures placed upon them.
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