irradiances

Traditionally, radiation amplification factors (RAFs) have been used to quantify the change in biologically effective irradiances as a result of a change in total column ozone [13].

Factors affecting surface ultraviolet radiation levels in the Arctic 2009

In general, SZAs are large in the Arctic and therefore, arctic UV irradiances are typically lower than those at lower latitudes.

Factors affecting surface ultraviolet radiation levels in the Arctic 2009

Díaz et al. [32] estimated narrowband (303.030 – 307.692 nm) irradiances for Barrow from pyranometer data and satellite-measured total column ozone, and found that spring UV irradiance increased between 1979 and 2000.

Long-term change and variability in surface UV irradiance in the Arctic 2009

The regionally averaged albedo is often referred to as the “effective albedo” [43], and can be considered the albedo estimate that gives the best agreement between measured and modeled irradiances when used in a radiative transfer model.

Factors affecting surface ultraviolet radiation levels in the Arctic 2009

Using TOMS Version 7 ozone and reflectivity data from 1979 to 1992 and the corresponding TOMS surface UV retrieval algorithm, Herman et al. [42] estimated that zonally averaged mean annual surface UV irradiances at 300, 310, and 320 nanometers (nm) increased by 15%, 6%, and 2% per decade, respectively, for the latitude band 60º to 70º N.

Long-term change and variability in surface UV irradiance in the Arctic 2009

A model to extend spectral and multiwavelength UV irradiances time series: model development and validation.

Long-term change and variability in surface UV irradiance in the Arctic 2009

The effect of clouds and surface albedo on UV irradiances at a high latitude site.

Long-term change and variability in surface UV irradiance in the Arctic 2009

The loss of UV radiation-attenuating snow and ice earlier in the season, when water temperatures are still low but UV irradiances are maximal, is likely to be especially stressful for aquatic biota.

Ultraviolet radiation effects on freshwater ecosystems in the Arctic 2009

The effect of clouds and surface albedo on UV irradiances at a high latitude site.

Long-term change and variability in surface UV irradiance in the Arctic 2009

The effect of clouds and surface albedo on UV irradiances at a high latitude site.

Factors affecting surface ultraviolet radiation levels in the Arctic 2009