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Etymologies
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Examples
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The complexity of the * - lungu spirit as mentioned in various twentieth century accounts paints a fairly complicated picture of its nature and impact on communities of living people.
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In recent accounts, too, there remains a sort of reverence based in uncertainty of the unpredictability of * - lungu that also reminds of their having retained a quality of potential ill-will that could lead to suffering among people. back
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Note 47: For accounts of the complex nature of the * - lungu spirit, the way it was revered and feared, and its role in experienced mediumship/possession in the early twentieth century, see Gwassa, "Kinjikitile and the Ideology of Maji Maji," 204 – 207.
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They then become known in their communities as lungu spirit diviners.
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The understood distance between * - lungu spirits and living people suggests that these spirits continued to be connected to land and untamed space, retaining what we suspect is the way they were conceptualized in the earliest communities that recognized them.
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Swantz's ethnographic research highlighted the complex history of the * - lungu spirit.
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Note 32: CS 712; Proto-Kaskazi * - lungu "potentially evil spirit-type" associated with abandoned "hot" areas; e.g.,
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Note 5: CS 711; Proto-Bantu * - dung - "to become fitting, straight, right"; Southern Kaskazi * - lungu "God"; e.g.,
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There was no indication, however, that they thought of * - lungu as ancestors of the * - zimu sort.
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Additionally, among the Zaramo, lungu spirit are often associated with the Kolelo shrine located in the Ulugulu Mountains.
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