pre-reform

In short, pre-reform officials spoke for their constituencies, inevitably their own wards which had elected them, rather than for other sections or groups of the city.

Interpretations of American History Gerald N. Grob 1967

In short, pre-reform officials spoke for their constituencies, inevitably their own wards which had elected them, rather than for other sections or groups of the city.

Interpretations of American History Gerald N. Grob 1967

In real terms, Chile has far surpassed the pre-reform level of benefits:

Prescott on Social Security, Arnold Kling | EconLog | Library of Economics and Liberty 2009

Some advocates of this approach are radicals who reject the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council and prefer to celebrate the Mass according to the pre-reform liturgical books.

Incoming Missal, from US Catholic 2009

In practice, alas, it was not simply permitted to celebrate in national languages, but pre-reform Latin mass virtually prohibited, for it was required to get very many permissions virtually from Vatican itself in order to celebrate it.

Russian Orthodox Theologian Weighs in on the Liturgical Reform after Vatican II 2009

But these stressors may be less severe than those experienced in pre-reform China, which had high levels of rural poverty, restricted social mobility and rigid family relationships.

Foxconn and China's Suicide Puzzle Michael R. Phillips 2010

However, if you look at examples where one country had state-run markets and the other had freer markets (East and West Germany, North and South Korea, Japan and pre-reform China) the freer markets seem to have done better historically.

The Myths of Free Market Systems | Heretical Ideas Magazine 2008

While both parties imply they have a vision of what a post-crisis Germany will look like — Merkel calls for a "renewal" of Germany's "social-market economy"; the SPD talks about a "new start" — their proposals seem to come straight from the old, pre-reform textbooks: higher benefits here, more labor-union powers there, or a few more industrial subsidies.

Germany Retreats 2009

Sinology in Europe is dominated by a core group of scholars, many of whom spent a considerable amount of time in China pre-reform (1978), and in my mind (and I am not alone) they are struggling to come to terms with a China after the Internet.

apophenia » Blog Archive » spectacle at Web2.0 Expo… from my perspective 2009

In practice, alas, it was not simply permitted to celebrate in national languages, but pre-reform Latin mass virtually prohibited, for it was required to get very many permissions virtually from Vatican itself in order to celebrate it.

Archive 2009-05-01 2009