Definitions
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- noun Plural form of
proto-oncogene .
Etymologies
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Examples
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Cancer gene mutations, they knew, could succinctly be described in two categories: either activations of proto-oncogenes or inactivations of tumor suppressor genes.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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Of the twenty thousand genes in a cancer cell, Weinberg reasoned the vast majority were likely normal and only a small minority were mutated proto-oncogenes.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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First, proto-oncogenes need to be activated through mutations, and mutations are rare events.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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Mutations induced by chemicals or X-rays caused cancer not by “inserting” foreign genes into cells, but by activating such endogenous proto-oncogenes.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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The theory clarified why the same kind of cancer might arise in smokers and nonsmokers, albeit at different rates: both smokers and nonsmokers have the same proto-oncogenes in their cells, but smokers develop cancer at a higher rate because carcinogens in tobacco increase the mutation rate of these genes.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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In the decade between 1980 and 1990, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes had been discovered in such astonishing numbers in the human genome—at last count, about one hundred such genes—that their abundance raised a disturbing question: if the genome was so densely littered with such intemperate genes—genes waiting to push a cell toward cancer as if at the flick of a switch—then why was the human body not exploding with cancer every minute?
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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To test the roles of other oncogenes and environmental stimuli, Leder created a second OncoMouse, in which two activated proto-oncogenes, ras and myc, were engineered into the chromosome and expressed in breast cells.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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Both abnormalities, activated proto-oncogenes and inactivated tumor suppressors “jammed accelerators” and “missing brakes”, represent the core molecular defects in the cancer cell.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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If someone were to draw a similar map of relationships among genes in a normal human cell, then proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors such as ras, myc, neu, and Rb would sit at the hub of this cellular city, radiating webs of colored strings in every direction.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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Tumor virologists had found src in viruses and then in cells, but surely other endogenous proto-oncogenes were strewn about in the human cellular genome.
The Emperor of All Maladies Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010
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