salinities

Sea-bottom temperatures on the arctic shelves range from -1.5 to - 1. 8°C; salinities range from 30 to 34 [70].

Permafrost in the Arctic 2009

Zone 3 covers areas where water depths are too great for the sea ice to freeze to the seabed; however, under-ice circulation may be restricted, with attendant higher salinities and lower seabed temperatures.

Permafrost in the Arctic 2009

Isopycnal mixing occurs between waters of the same density but different temperatures and salinities.

Ocean processes of climatic importance in the Arctic 2009

Higher ocean temperatures and lower salinities, changes in seasonal sea-ice extent, rising sea levels, and many other (as yet undefined) effects are certain to have significant impacts on marine species, with implications for arctic coastal communities dependent on hunting and fishing [7].

Renewable resource use and climate change in the arctic 2009

Since typical temperatures, salinities, and concentrations of various properties are known, quantifying the exchanges is mainly a question of quantifying volume fluxes.

Ocean processes of climatic importance in the Arctic 2009

They are often derived during a calibration run of the AOGCM in which the sea surface temperatures and surface salinities are constrained to observed climatological values of these quantities.

Global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models 2009

Temperatures and salinities rose, especially in the Eurasian Basin.

Variability in hydrographic properties and currents in the Arctic 2009

Offshore salinities are typically oceanic (35 parts per trillion (ppt)).

Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, Belize 2009

On reaching the shelf break, these waters subduct below the polar mixed layer and enter the arctic halocline, forming Pacific Summer Water (PSW), identified by a shallow temperature maximum at depths 40 to 60 m and salinities near 31.5.

Anticipated changes in physical conditions in the Arctic 2009

The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45°C.

Carbon cycle and climate change in the Arctic 2009