submixture

As a result of recent intensive exploitation and frequent fires, these communities were almost everywhere replaced by forests with dominated by Betula pendula and Populus tremula or by almost pure Pinus silvestris forests with Tilia cordata in the subcanopy and, as submixture, in the canopy.

West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests 2008

In its original composition, it consisted of Pinus spp. with a submixture of other coniferous species such as Picea spp.,

West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests 2008