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Examples
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The Polish nobility ( "szlachta") were in effect perhaps Europe's first politically effective national middle class.
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The Polish nobility ( "szlachta") were in effect perhaps Europe's first politically effective national middle class.
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The Polish nobility ( "szlachta") were in effect perhaps Europe's first politically effective national middle class.
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The Polish nobility ( "szlachta") were in effect perhaps Europe's first politically effective national middle class.
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Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki (1640-1694) (his name often rendered in German as Kolschitzky) was a member of Polish szlachta of Ukrainian origin and of orthodox faith, merchant, spy, diplomat and soldier.
Archive 2008-05-11 de Brantigny........................ 2008
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Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki (1640-1694) (his name often rendered in German as Kolschitzky) was a member of Polish szlachta of Ukrainian origin and of orthodox faith, merchant, spy, diplomat and soldier.
VICTORY de Brantigny........................ 2008
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He was able to make use of a rift between the great nobles (magnates) and the gentry (szlachta).
1447-92 2001
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Boleslav completed the organization of the state, in which the great landlords (nobiles, or magnates) and gentry (milites, knights, or szlachta) had become well-defined social classes, the peasantry having steadily lost ground in the periods of confusion.
c. Poland 2001
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As for the Polish Counter-Reformation, although the militant Vasa monarchy and the Jesuits would not have been adverse to using the coercive power of the state, neither the traditions of the szlachta nor those of the Roman Catholic episcopacy, hostile in principle to forced conversion because of its earlier experience with the Teutonic Knights, would allow this.
Poland's Past Kasparek, Jozef 1984
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Nonetheless, after a generation or two, the movement withered away leaving few traces behind it (except for the German Lutheran cities of the north); and this occurred, not because the movement was persecuted out of existence, but because its principal sponsors, the independent-minded szlachta, abandoned it for a revived, populistic Catholicism as a result of the crisis of national survival produced by the mid-seventeenth-century Swedish invasion, the "Deluge."
Poland's Past Kasparek, Jozef 1984
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