Definitions
from The Century Dictionary.
- noun Water which collects on the surface of the ground, and usually runs off into drains and sewers.
Etymologies
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Examples
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About 52 percent of fresh surface-water withdrawals and about 96 percent of saline-water withdrawals were for thermoelectric-power use.
Water Usage, Arnold Kling | EconLog | Library of Economics and Liberty 2009
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The largest uses of fresh surface water were power generation and irrigation, and the states with the largest fresh surface-water uses were California, Texas, Idaho and Illinois.
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Groundwater can also have an important influence on the annual water budgets of arctic surface-water ecosystems.
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Groundwater interactions with surface-water systems greatly influence water quality characteristics such as cation, anion, nutrient, and dissolved organic matter concentrations, and even the fate and behavior of toxic pollutants.
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The purchase of those wells will cost more than $50 million -- a market-maker price tag that's even catching the eye of the surface-water right owners.
Liquid Gold 2008
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For oil shale, says Wikipedia, environmental impacts include acid drainage induced by the sudden rapid exposure and subsequent oxidation of formerly buried materials, the introduction of metals into surface-water and groundwater, increased erosion, sulfur-gas emissions, and air pollution caused by the production of particulates during processing, transport, and support activities.
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Otherwise, however, operational weather modifiers who want to have an effect on agriculture and surface-water supplies have to work with the far more dynamic environment of stacked and vertically developing clouds — which include thunderstorms and the infinitely chaotic mixtures of stratocumulus associated with frontal bands.
Weather as Weapon Langewiesche, William 2008
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The Environment Department said surface-water flows could be affected but added that direct impacts to ground water are unlikely if the drill holes are properly sealed.
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About 29 percent is discharged from the conterminous United States as surface-water flowing into the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and across the borders into Canada and Mexico, about 2 percent is discharged as groundwater outflow, and about 2 percent is consumed by people, animals, plants, and used for industrial and commercial processes.
Evapotranspiration 2006
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Thinking about the problem and the various difficulties — shallow fresh water getting infusions of old carbonate or decaying matter, etc. — it occurred to me to wonder whether there is a calcerous oceanic surface-water diatom one could use.
Potential Academic Misconduct by the Euro Team « Climate Audit 2006
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