infraspecific

“infraspecific," meaning they are families or sub-groups of species.”

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“Species such as red knot ( '' Calidris canutus '') and ruddy turnstone ( '' Arenaria interpres '') are inferred to have had much larger populations and more extensive breeding areas during glacial stages, although others, such as dunlin ( '' C. alpina ''), exhibit evidence of range fragmentation during glacial stages leading to the evolution of distinct geographically restricted infraspecific taxa.”

Late-Quaternary changes in arctic terrestrial ecosystems, climate, and ultraviolet radiation levels

“Evidence for this includes the large number of infraspecific endemics and the young age of most of the sandy coastal plain, perhaps less than one million years.”

Maputaland coastal forest mosaic

“Of these, at least 225 species or infraspecific taxa are endemic or near-endemic.”

Maputaland coastal forest mosaic

“A. tortilis is a variable species, with six infraspecific taxa including four recognized subspecies: tortilis, spirocarpa, heteracantha, and raddiana”

Chapter 17

“Restriction in dispersal due to geographic isolation has probably hindered gene flow, thus allowing rapid local adaptation, recognizable in variation at the infraspecific level.”

Birds from Coahuila, Mexico