invar

• “The material that he himself called invar is a nickel-steel alloy.”

  The Nobel Stamps of 1980

• “Charles E. Guillaume for his discovery that the thermal expansion of certain nickel steels, so-called "invar" alloys, was practically zero.”

  The Nobel Prizes in Physics 1901-2000

• “The invar alloys have been extensively used in all kinds of high-precision mechanical devices, watches, etc. The theoretical background for this temperature independence has been explained only recently.”

  The Nobel Prizes in Physics 1901-2000

• “A chance observation by Guillaume on the coefficient of expansion of nickel-iron alloys led to a systematic investigation of a whole series of alloys and the discovery of invar, an alloy with”

  Charles-Edouard Guillaume - Biography

• “The applications of invar were quickly recognized and the material was used in rapid methods for the measurement of geodetic baselines.”

  Charles-Edouard Guillaume - Biography

• “The long and difficult experiments performed by Guillaume year after year on numerous alloys and above all on nickel steel to determine their expansibility, elasticity, hardness, changeability with age, and stability ultimately led him to the important discovery of the nickel steel alloy known as invar, the temperature coefficient of which is practically zero.”

  Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 - Presentation Speech

• “Since it is almost invariable under the action of heat and under other influences, you have called it invar.”

  Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 - Presentation Speech

• “In geodesy, invar wires give much more accurate base-line values than those formerly obtained.”

  Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 - Presentation Speech

• “French physicist who studied ferronickel alloys and discovered invar (a nickel-steel alloy) which gained him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1920. 1862”

  Nothingandall

• “The Backplane is made with advanced graphite composite materials mated to titanium and invar fittings and interfaces.”

  Spaceflight Now

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