pozzolana

• “This can tee remedied by replacing a proportion (15 to 40 % by weighs) of the cement with a pozzolana, which is usually cheaper than cement.”

  Chapter 4

• “A pozzolana is a material which, on its own, is not cementitious but, with the addition of lime, reacts to form a material which sets and hardens.”

  Chapter 8

• “No less than thirteen of the buttresses that supported its arches are left, three lying under water; all constructed of brick held together by that Roman cement called pozzolana, after the town of”

  Roman Mosaics Or, Studies in Rome and Its Neighbourhood

• “The quarries contain building materials, such as marble and pozzolana, which is Roman cement almost ready-made.”

  The Roman Question

• “Pozzolan (or pozzolana) is an Italian word, named from Pozzuoli, the place near Naples where pozzolan was first mined and used as cement, during Roman times.”

  Pumice

• “The Romans learned that when pozzolana, a powdery volcanic ash imported from Pozzuoli, ancient Puteoli, was mixed with lime and water it makes a tenacious binding material that sets and endures in salt or fresh water.”

  Portus Cosanus

• “The pozzolana concrete structures at Cosa are our earliest examples of this revolutionary building material invented by the Romans and used until the invention of Portland cement in modern times.”

  Portus Cosanus

• “A technological revolution occurred when the traditional method of building in stone was replaced by stronger, more flexible, and cheaper concrete construction, with the discovery of pozzolana mortar made from volcanic stone.”

  b. Economy, Society, and Culture

• “When the tanks went out of use and the room was being transformed, construction workers dug this pit in search of natural soil, locally called pozzolana.”

  Interactive Dig Pompeii - Field Notes: July 30, 2001

• “The majority, some 495 examples, bore stamps on their rims and handles, and a number still had their stoppers, made of fired clay sealed with pozzolana, a kind of mortar.”

  Roman Shipwreck Off Alexandria

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