underspecification

• Taken together, these findings provide evidence for highly flexible speech perception processes that can adapt to speech that deviates substantially from the pronunciation norms in the native talker community along multiple acoustic-phonetic dimensions. abilities abnormal absolute_pitch academia accent accent_learning access accidents acoustic_processing acoustics acoustic_variation acquisition action action_recognition activation adaptation adjectives adults adv_hr_sci affordances ai allocation allocentric ambiguity ambiguity_resolution amnesia amodal_completion amusia animacy animal animals anticipation apes aphasia argument_structure art articulation articulation_index articulatory_phonology artifical_intelligence artificial_grammar aspiration assimilation associative_learning asynchronous attention attentional_capture attentional_frames attentional_selection attractor_network attributes audience_design audition auditory_categories auditory_grouping auditory_memory auditory_perception autism automatic_processing averaging babbling backprop bayesian behavior behaviorism benefits bengali bias bilingualism binding birds birdsong blending blood_pressure bootstrapping botany boundaries boundary_extension brain braing_imaging brocas_area business capacity categorical categorical_perception categories categorization central_executive cfc change change-blindness change_detection children chimpanzees chomsky chords chroma chromatic_discrimination classification cns cnv coarticulation cochlear_implant cognition cognitive_dissonance cognitive_revolution cogpsych cohorts collaboration color color_discrimination commentary common_ground communication comparison compensation competence competition competitors complexity complex_tones comprehension comps computers conceal concepts conditioning configuration confusability conjunctions connectedness connectionism connections consonance consonant_duration consonants constancy constraints context context_effects contextual_cueing contingency continuity continuous contours control convergence conversation coordination corn corpus_analysis costs counting countour cp cpprosem1 cpprosem2 critical_band critical_period criticism cross-cultural crossed_random_effects cross-language cross_linguistic cue_integration cues cultural_intelligence culture curvature debate decay decision-making deficits deictic density depression development devprosem diagnosis diagnosticity dialogue diet direct_perception disambiguation disclosure discourse discrimination discussion disfluencies disorders dissonance distance distortion distributed_processing distributed_representations distributed_semantics distributional_information distributions distrubutional_cues dna dogs dolphins domain_specificity dual_route dutch dynamical dynamic_systems dyslexia ear early_selection ecological_approach economics education eeg egocentric egocentrism electrodes embedding embodiment emergence emotion empathy empiricism encoding english enhancement envelope episodic erp erpclass erps errors estimation events evolution exemplars expectancy expectation experience exposure eyeblink eye_gaze eye_movements eye_tracking f0 face_recognition faces facilitation fairness false_memories familiarity fantasy fast-mapping feature_generalization feature_integration feature_mismatch features feedback ferrets fetal figure_ground finnish fixation flapping flexibility fmri forgetting form formants foxp2 frame_curves french frequency frequency_generalization fricatives function future game_theory garden_path gating gaze gaze_control gaze_cues gender generality generalization genes genetics german gestalt gestural_phonology gestures gibsonian global global_context goals graded_activation gradiency grammar grammatical_class greek grounding grouping growth_curves guidance haptic harmonics harmony hearing hearing_aids hearing_impairment hearing_loss hebbian_learning hebrew heritability hesitation heuristics hierarchies high_frequency hippocampus history holes homographs hues humans hybrid hyperspecificity iconic_memory ids illusions imagery imaging impairment implicit implicit_learning implicit_memory individual_differences induction infancy infants inference information information_processing inhibition innateness innovation insects inside_outside instructions integration intelligence intelligent_design interaction interactionist interactive_activation interesting internal intersensory intervals invariance itc item_analysis item_identity items jackknifing japanese judgements knowledge l2 labeling labels lab_meeting langauge language language_acquisition language_change language_comprehension language_development language_processing language_production latency latent_semantic_analysis ldg learning letter_perception levels lexical lexical_access lexical_constraints lexical_decision lexical_entrainment lexical_processing lexical_representation lexicon like linguistic_processing linguistics lists lmclass local localism localization logic lrp ltm luminance_detectability machines masking matching maternal math maximization maximizing mdg mechanisms media meg melodic_continuity melodies melody memory memory_alteration memory_impairment memory_reconstruction mental_rotation mental_transformation meter methodology methods mind minimalist mirror_neurons misinformation mismatch mispronunciation mixed-effects_models mmn modal modalities modality model modeling models modularity modular_perception modulation modules monitoring monkeys morphology motherese mothers motion motivation motor motor_control motor_learning motor_programming motor_system motor_theory mouse_tracking movement mtf muscle_coactivity music musical_grammar n1 n400 names nasalization nativism natual_objects nature nd neighborhood_activation neighbors networks neural_mechanisms neural_network neurons neuroscience news nnclass noise nonadjacent_dependencies noncategorical nonword_repetition nonwords normalization nouns novel_words numbers nurture object_based_memory object_benefit object_files object_memory object_perception object_persistence object_recognition objects object_selection object_tracking object_trajectories occlusion octave_generalization octave_harmony octaves older_adults online_representation onset optimal organization orientation orienting p1 p600 parallel parallel_processing parameter_space parsing partner_specificity parts part_structure patents pattern_analysis patterns perception perceptual_categories perceptual_learning perceptual_units persistence perspective perspective_taking pet philosophy phoneme phoneme_categorization phoneme_discrimination phoneme_edit_distance phoneme_recognition phonemes phonetic_adjustments phonetic_categories phonetic_detail phonetics phonological phonological_acqusition phonological_categorization phonological_comparisons phonological_cues phonological_learning phonological_loop phonological_similarity phonological_storage phonological_theory phonological_variation phonology phonotactic_probability phonotactics phrase_structure physical physiology piaget pigeons pitch place place_assimilation placentation plato play pointing polish postpartum_depression posture practice pragmatics praise prediction preference prenatal presupposition pretend primates priming probabilistic probabilistic_perception probability procedural_memory procedures processes processing processing_speed production progressive pronunciation prosody prototypes proximity pruning psychlab psychoacoustics psychology publishing pure_tones quantity quasi-f questions range rationality rats r-coloration reaching reading realism reality reasoning reciprocity recurrence recursion reference reference_resolution reflexive_attention regression regularities relational_information relational_memory relationships relative_clauses relative_pitch relevance reliability repetition representation research response response_kinetics response_preperation response_time restoration reversed review rhythm robotics robots rote-learning rsvp rule_learning rules russian saccades salience sapir-whorf scaffolding scalar scene_interpretation scene_perception scene_recognition scenes schemas schizophrenia science science_writing sdt search secrecy segmental_duration segmentation segments selective_adaptation selective_attention selectivity semantic_analysis semantic_cognition semantic_constraints semantic_memory semantic_processing semantic_representation semantics sensation sensitivity sensory_memory sensory_storage sentence_comprehension sentence_processing sentence_production sequences serial serial_control severity sex shadows shape shona shortlist signal_detection sign_language similarity size sli social_attention social_cognition social_influence social_interaction socialization social_learning sociology software song songbirds sound source_monitoring spanish spatial spatial_attention spatial_configurations spatial_context spatial_cuing spatial_index spatial_language spatial_layout spatial_memory spatial_navigation spatial_position spatial_processing spatial_representation spatial_selection speaker-specificity speaking speaking_rate specificity spectra spectrogram spectrum_shape speech speech_errors speech_intelligibility speech_perception speech_preception speech_processing speech_production speech_recognition speech_synthesis speed_estimation spoonerisms spreading-activation srn stability stages standardized_language statistical statistical_learning statistics stepping stereotypes stigma stimulus_similarity stm stop_consonant strategies strategy stress structural_alignment structure subjects subliminal suggestibility supression surface swedish syllables symbols synapses synethesia syntactic_categorization syntactic_integration syntactic_priming syntactic_processing syntax synthesis systems t teaching techniques technology teenagers temperament templates temporal temporal_acuity temporal_integration temporal_lobe thematic_role_assignment thematic_roles theory theory_of_mind thought threshold time timecourse timing toddlers tonal_centers tonality tonal_structure tones touch trace training translation treatment triad tritone_paradox tunnel_effect turing twins typicality uh ultimatum_game um underspecification variability variance variation vector_analysis vegetarian vehicles verbs veridicality vibration viewpoint vision visionclass visual_attention visual_categories visual_categorization visual_cues visual_index visual_memory visual_perception visual_scenes visual_search visuomotor_system visuo-spatial_sketchpad vitamin_a vmseminar vocabulary vocalization voice_assimilation voicing vot vowels vstm vwm vygotsky wickelfeatures wlseminar women word_boundaries word_comprehension word_learning word_length word_recognition word_retrieval words word_similarity working_memory world writing CiteULike organises scholarly (or academic) papers or literature and provides bibliographic (which means it makes bibliographies) for universities and higher education establishments. —  CiteULike: Everyone's library
• Furthermore, the CTM provides a natural way of visualizing and exploring this and other unstructured data sets. ace acquisition active active_learning adaboost adaptation agglomerative agreement algorithm algorithms allocation alternations ambiguity amibguity analysis anaphora annotation answering argument aso attachment author autoclass average bag-of-concepts based bayes bayesian b-cubed belief bell bigrams bilingual binomial biocreative bioinformatics biomedical bionlp blocked bloomier boom boosting bootstrapping bottleneck bregman buffet by carlo categorical categorization ccg chain change chunking church citation class classification classifier cluster clustering coalescent cobweb codes collapsed combination combinatorial comlex committee comparison complete-link component compositional compound concept concept_discovery conditional confidence conformal conjugacy conll constrained_clustering constraints context contraints contrastive convergence conway cooccurrence coreference corpora corpus correcting correlated correspondence cost co-testing co-training counts crf crfs criterion curation data datasets dependencies dependency detection dictionaries dimensionality dirichlet disambiguation discrete discriminative dissimilarity distance distributed distribution distributional divergence document domain dynamic ecoc eigenvalues em english ensemble entailment entity entrez entropy error estimation evaluation even event evolution expectation expectation-maximization experiments exponential extraction factorization feature feedback fields filtering filters fisher flybase flyslip frame frames frequency functions gamma gaussian gene gene_ontology generalized generation generative geneways genia german gibbs gibs gradient grammar grammatical graph graphical graph_kernel guidelines harmonic hashing heat hedge hellinger hidden hierarchical hierarchy hmm hpsg hybrid ibp identification identifier index indexing indian induction inference infinite information information_gain interaction inter-annotator interpretation inverse iob iobew kalman kdd kernel kernels kingman kl-divergence k-means knn kullback labeling labelling labels language laplacian large laten latent lda learning leibler lexical lexicon lexico-semantic likelihood lingpipe linguistic logarithmic logic logistic loopy lop lsi machine machines mallet margin margins markov matching matrix max maximization maximum maxwell mcmc measure membership message-passing methods metric metrics mining mira mixture modal model modelling models monte multiclass multilingual multinomial multinomials multiple multi-task muticlass mutual_information naive name named ncbi nearest neighbors ner network networks nlp noise nominalizations non-negative non-parametric normalization noun on-line ontology opinion output overlap pagerank parallel parameter paraphrase paraphrasing parse parser parsing partial particle part-of-speech pca pcfg people perceptron performance phrase phylogenetic pitman point poisson polysemous polysemy pomdps pool positive postnominal ppi predicate prediction prepositional principal prior priors probabilistic probability process processes programming propaagation proper protein protein-protein prototype-driven qbc query query_by_committee question rand random ranking rasp rcv1 recognition reduction regression reinforcement relatedness relation relational relations relationships resolution retrieval reusability reuters role rules sampling scheme scixml scope scoring search seed segmentation selection selective self-training semantic semantics semi-markov semi-supervised sense sentiment sequence series shallow shared similarity single-link sketch skip-chain smoothing social soft softtfidf software space spam sparse spectral spectral_clustering speculative speech split-merge statistical statistics stick-breaking stopping string string_kernel structural structure subcategorization summarization supertagging supervised support svm svms switching syntactic tagging task term text textual theory time timed topic training transductive transfer transformation-based translation tree tutorial uncertainty underspecification uneven unigrams unlabelled unsupervised user variable variable-length variational variational_inference vector verb verbs views v-measure walks web weighting word wordnet wsd xml yor zone CiteULike organises scholarly (or academic) papers or literature and provides bibliographic (which means it makes bibliographies) for universities and higher education establishments. —  CiteULike: Everyone's library
• A Note on Uto-Aztecan Consonant Gradation ablaut accent acholi acrostatic active adjarians-law adjective adverb aegean aeolic affix afro-asiatic agreement akhmimic akkadian aktionsart alignment aljutor allomorphy alphabet amharic amphikinetic analogy anatolian anthropology aorist aorist-passive aphasia apocope arabic aramaic arcado-cypriot archaeology areal-linguistics armenian arzawa aspect assimilation athematic auslautgesetz austronesian autosegmental aymara balto-slavic bantu basque bavarian berber boeotian bohairic bronze-age brugmanns-law caland-system cantonese carian case causative celtic ceramics child-phonology chinese chronology chukchee chumash cilicia clitic coalescence collective compound conspiracy cooccurrence coptic coptic-dialects copto-greek corinna cypro-minoan dante database decipherment definiteness denominative derivation desiderative distributed-morphology doric egyptian eichners-law ejective english epenthesis ergative estonian ethnogenesis etruscan etymology extension feature feminine fon fortis-lenis french frequency fricative full-grade geminate gender genitive georgian germanic glottalic grammarians grammaticalization grassmans-law greco-anatolian greek greek-dialects grimms-law group-writing h2e-conjugation hattian hausa hebrew hellenization herodian herodotus heteroclitic hi-conjugation hieroglyphic-luwian historiography hittite homer hurrian hypervoiced hypocoristic hysterokinetic identity ie-b ie-h1 ie-h2 ie-h3 ie-root-constraint ie-time-space i-motion imperative implosive indo-european indo-iranian infix internal-reconstruction ionic irish is-aorist italian italic japanese k-aorist kobon korean k-perfect labialized labiovelar lachmanns-law lakhota lambda-calculus language-acquisition language-contact laryngeal latin latvian laws lengthened-grade lesbian lesbos lexical-functional-grammar lifu loanword logic luganda luwian lycian lydian lyric magic mandarin mari markedness mediopassive metathesis metrical-stress metrics middle minoan mixtec mood mora mordwin morphology morphonology morphosyntax murmured-voice music mycenaean nahuatl narten-present nasal-present nationalism natural-language-processing neutralization nordwestblock noun no-underlying-form number obligatory-contour-principle odawa ofo o-grade old-church-slavonic old-hittite old-irish old-woman onomastics oo-correspondence opacity optative optimality-theory orality orientalism ortakoy orthography oscan palaic palatalization pamphylian panini papyrology particle pausanias pelasgian perception perfect persian pharyngeal pharyngealized phoenician phonetics phonology phrygian pitch place-of-articulation plene-writing pluperfect poetics preaspirated prefix-conjugation pre-greek prenasalized productivity prolog prominence pronoun prosody proterokinetic prothetic-vowel psi-greek quechua racism reduplication reference religion resonant review rgveda rhotacism root root-and-pattern root-noun rule-ordering runyambo sahidic salience sandhi sanskrit s-aorist sappho schwa schwa-secundum schwebeablaut semantics semitic serial-derivation shuswap sibilant sidetic sievers-law sindhi sino-tibetan ske-present slavic sociolinguistics sonority sound-law spirantization s-present s-preterite s-stem stammbaum stative stem structuralism subjunctive substrate suffix suffix-conjugation sumerian suppletion syllabification syncope syntax tamil tashlhiyt tcrs telepinus tense thematic-vowel thessalian thorn tibetan tigrinya tocharian tocharian-a tocharian-b tone transformational-syntax translation transposition trimoric troy typology tzutujil uganda ugaritic umbrian umlaut underspecification u-noun unpacking u-present uto-aztecan variation vendryes-law verb verners-law vietnamese vocabulary voice voiced-aspirate voiceless-aspirate voicing vot vowel vowel-harmony vowel-reduction winters-law x-bar yawelmani zapotec zero-grade CiteULike organises scholarly (or academic) papers or literature and provides bibliographic (which means it makes bibliographies) for universities and higher education establishments. —  CiteULike: Everyone's library

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