vaishya

“He is to be as vast and sincere as true brahmin in his aspiration towards Knowledge, as strong and courageous as kshatriya in his power and leadership, as generous and productive as vaishya in his dealing with life matters and wealth, as laborious and helpful as shudra in his service and help to others.”

Every individual is to develop within himself all the qualities and faculties of four varnas

“Unto the vaishya he gave skill, and unto the shudra he gave the duty of serving the three other classes.”

The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Volume 3 Books 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

“A vaishya without skill is worthy of dispraise, as also a shudra who is bereft of humility (to the other orders).”

The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Volume 3 Books 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

“Republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State in the nineteenth century vaishya vande mataram veldt or veld (Afrikaans) - open grazing area in southern Africa”

APPENDIX I