nival

• “It consists of montane to altimontane beech, and mixed beech forests, submontane to altimontane spruce and spruce-fir forests, and alpine vegetation in the European Alps. It also includes small portions of submontane acidophilous oak and mixed oak forests, nemoral, sub - and oro-Mediterranean pine forests, and nival and sub-nival vegetation of the high mountains.”

  Alps conifer and mixed forests

• “In the present climate, most streams and rivers originating within the Arctic have a nival regime in which snowmelt produces high flows and negligible flow occurs in winter.”

  Effects of climate change on general hydro-ecology in the Arctic

• “Groundwater contributions are larger than those in arctic – nival systems.”

  Terrestrial Water Balance in the Arctic

• “Subarctic – nival: dominated by spring snowmelt events, with peak water levels often the product of backwater from ice jams.”

  Terrestrial Water Balance in the Arctic

• “Arctic – nival: continuous permafrost where deep infiltration is impeded by perennially frozen strata, base flow and winter flow are low, and snowmelt is the major hydrologic event.”

  Terrestrial Water Balance in the Arctic

• “They demonstrated that most rivers are very sensitive to temperature rises on the order of 1 to 3 ºC, and that nival (snow-dominated) rivers become less stable while pluvial (rain-dominated) rivers become more stable.”

  Terrestrial Water Balance in the Arctic

• “Stream flow is nival, and carries DOC-enriched spring runoff from peaty catchments to Toolik Lake.”

  Effects of climate change on hydro-ecology of contributing basins in the Arctic

• “Based on physiographic types, five altitudinal vegetation zones have been identified within Lorentz National Park: lowland zone, montane zone, subalpine zone, alpine zone, and nival zone.”

  Lorentz National Park, Indonesia

• “Open sub-nival plant communities found in rock and talus substrates at the elevation of 3,000-4,000 m.”

  Caucasus mixed forests

• “The Tibetan Plateau, treeless except in the southeastern river valleys, supports a range of alpine vegetation types that includes meadow, steppe, cold desert and sub-nival cushion plant communities at elevations ranging from 3,500 to nearly 6,000 meters (m).”

  North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert

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