cytological

• “In a yet smaller fraction of patients, these atypical cells began to show the characteristic cytological changes of cancer, with bloated, abnormal nuclei often caught dividing furiously.”

  Simon & Schuster: The Emperor of All Maladies

• “Naomi Feinbrun was selected to teach this subject, having specialized in cytological work with Hannan Oppenheimer (1905 – 1978), who was engaged in physiological botany in Rehovot.”

  Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan.

• “Meanwhile, cytological work had also added credence to the materiality of genes-on-chromosomes.”

  Gene

• ““Relations among fields: Mendelian, cytological and molecular mechanisms.””

  Gene

• “These mechanisms were found to have different working entities of different sizes, and required molecular techniques rather than Mendelian/cytological ones to find them.”

  Molecular Biology

• “The cytological level thus constituted an “autonomous level of biological explanation” (Kitcher 1984, 371).”

  Molecular Biology

• “While classical genetics offered an account of gene transmission and could also rely on cytological explanations, these accounts did not yield a complete explanation of how and why recombination occurs.”

  Reductionism in Biology

• “The uniformity of pair-separation processes is evident at the cytological level, but is lost in the gory details at the molecular level where the process”

  Molecular Genetics

• “The image of genetics that emerges from the anti-reductionist literature is of a two-tiered science composed of two discreet theoretical discourses, one grounded in principles about entities at the cytological level (such as chromosomes) and the other grounded in principles about entities at the molecular level (such as nucleotide sequences in DNA).”

  Molecular Genetics

• “Anti-reductionists believe some phenomena, including transmission of genes, are best explained by a theory grounded at the cytological level and other phenomena, including the expression of genes, are best explained by a theory grounded at the molecular level.”

  Molecular Genetics

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