divalent

• “The rationale for the use of topical preparations is to apply a divalent cation that will bind to form a insoluble salt, thus limiting percutaneous penetration of the fluoride ion. 15 Calcium gluconate gel 2.5 percent is a topical treatment for hydrofluoric acid burns.”

  Hydrofluoric Acid

• “The hydrogen ion causes coagulation of surface tissue, which eventually appears as a grayish white area surrounded by erythema. 16 Fluoride ions freely penetrate the skin and continue into deeper tissues, causing cellular death and liquifaction necrosis of soft tissue. 22,15 Neutralization of fluoride ions occurs when fluoride complexes with calcium and other divalent cations in the tissues, forming an insoluble salt.”

  Hydrofluoric Acid

• “False negatives (no light when there should be light): arsenate, perchlorate, most heavy metals, divalent cation chelating agents (EDTA is fine in small doses so long as Mg++ is in excess).”

  Snowed under

• “A trivalent carbon atom and a divalent hydrogen atom: who changed the rules without warning me?”

  [eyewatch 1227] how stupid are people these days

• “Recent studies indicate that the major chemical form of anthropogenic mercury is gaseous elemental mercury, contributing about 53% of the total emissions, followed by gaseous divalent mercury with 37%.”

  Global anthropogenic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere

• “In the octahedral layer (brucite), magnesium can be substituted by several divalent ions, Fe+2, Mn +2, or Ni+2.”

  Geology of asbestos

• “In the presence of oxygen, the thermal decomposition of amphiboles is associated with an oxidation of divalent iron to trivalent iron, which may lead to an increase in the sample weight.”

  Geology of asbestos

• “In place of the structure of the neutral atom we are left with the structure of the corresponding monovalent, divalent, or trivalent atomic ion.”

  Johannes Stark - Nobel Lecture

• “Tetravalent terpenes, such as limonene, take four atoms of hydrogen whilst divalent terpenes (pinene, camphene) can fix only two, in accordance with the predictions made in the excellent work of Wallach.”

  Paul Sabatier - Nobel Lecture

• “A surprising variety of enzymatic reactions in the body are activated by any of a number of divalent metallic ions of similar ionic radius.”

  The Martian Way

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