supernatant

• “The cell culture supernatant was regularly tested for reverse transcriptase activity.”

  Françoise Barré-Sinoussi - Autobiography

• “Following 5-10 min at 90°C, the hemoglobin in crude Fraction I was "cooked" and precipitated like mud, and the activity remained soluble in the supernatant.”

  Aaron Ciechanover - Autobiography

• “Depending on the filter design, flow rates may have to be adjusted accordingly or the layer of supernatant water on the filter will get too high.”

  Chapter 5

• “Filter cleaning starts with drainage of the supernatant water and dewatering of the top part of the sand bed.”

  1. Historical development and experience with water treatment

• “Filter cleaning must be carried out once the supernatant water has reached its maximum permissible level; i.e., when maximum filter resistance of about 1 meter is attained for the designed filtration rate.”

  1. Historical development and experience with water treatment

• “Missing supernatant drainage system ® long drainage periods for dewatering the filter box will affect the biology in the sand bed”

  Chapter 8

• “The top should be covered by a layer of coarse stones to shade the supernatant water and thus prevent algal growth often experienced in pretreated water exposed to the sun.”

  8. Classification of roughing filters

• “This is also true for the recommended inlet controlled slow sand filters which compensate the progressive headloss development by a gradual increase of the supernatant water level.”

  8. Classification of roughing filters

• “In practice, the stock of supernatant water is drained through the filter at a continuously declining flow rate during the night and in the morning hours, the filter is refilled with pretreated water to reassume normal operation.”

  8. Classification of roughing filters

• “The crude oil is left to stand for three days and the clarified supernatant oil (35.8 kg) is poured off leaving 11.2 kg of sediment”

  Chapter 6

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